To answer, dreamers used the signals they had been taught before falling asleep, which included smiling or frowning, moving their eyes multiple times to indicate a sum, or, in the German lab, moving their eyes in patterns that matched Morse code. In those tests, researchers asked the dreamers simple yes or no questions or math problems, like eight minus six. Out of a total of 57 sleeping sessions, six individuals signaled they were lucid dreaming in 15 of them. Sleepers were told to signal they had entered a lucid dream and answer questions by moving their eyes and face in particular ways-by, for example, moving their eyes three times to the left.Īs the participants fell asleep, the scientists monitored their brain activity, eye movement, and facial muscle contractions-common indicators of REM sleep-with electroencephalogram helmets outfitted with electrodes. Each lab used a different way to communicate with the sleeper, from spoken questions to flashing lights. Nap sessions were schedueled at different times: some at night, when people would regularly go to bed, and others early in the morning. The idea was those cues would signal to participants that they were dreaming. The researchers first trained participants to recognize when they were dreaming, by explaining how lucid dreaming works and demonstrating cues-sounds, lights, or finger tapping-that they would present while dreamers slept.
They recruited 36 volunteers, including some experienced lucid dreamers and others who had never experienced a lucid dream before but remembered at least one dream a week.
But these recorded only minimal responses from the sleepers and did not involve complex transmission of information.įour independent teams in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States tried to go further and establish complex two-way communication during dreams, using speech and asking questions the sleepers had never heard in their training. A few studies have tried to communicate with lucid dreamers using stimuli such as lights, shocks, and sounds to "enter" people's dreams. Although rare, this ability to recognize you are in a dream-and even control some aspects of it-can be enhanced with training. One in every two people has had at least one lucid dream, about 10% of people experience them once a month or more. Lucid dreaming got one of its first mentions in the writings of Greek philosopher Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.E., and scientists have observed it since the 1970s in experiments about the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep, when most dreaming occurs. Traditionally, he says, sleep has been defined as a state in which the brain is disconnected and unaware of the outside world. "This work challenges the foundational definitions of sleep," says cognitive neuroscientist Benjamin Baird of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who studies sleep and dreams but was not part of the study. The findings, from four labs and 36 participants, suggest people can receive and process complex external information while sleeping. For the first time, researchers have had "conversations" involving novel questions and math problems with lucid dreamers-people who are aware that they are dreaming. Now, it seems this science fiction plot is one baby step closer to reality.
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In the movie Inception, Leonardo DiCaprio enters into other people's dreams to interact with them and steal secrets from their subconscious.
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